Governments
Agencies running services on systems older than the people operating them, where the constraint is procurement rather than engineering. Every stage is scoped to stand on its own, because the next may slip a budget cycle.
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Banking and insurance
Regulated estates where the batch still runs nightly and the change window is written into a contract. The window sets the unit of work here, not the architecture, and reconciliation evidence is produced as we go.
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Healthcare
Clinical and administrative systems that cannot be taken down, where the workaround on the corridor wall is often the real system. There is no downtime in reserve, so the work is a sequence of reversible steps.
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Utilities
Control and outage systems with no quiet quarter to schedule around, where the wall panel is trusted more than the screen. Delivery is continuous and small, and the freeze weeks are agreed in advance.
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